Underestimated threats: Personal Care Products (PCPs) in marine and coastal environments

The prevailing use of personal care products (PCPs) in modern society has become an emerging contaminant in marine and coastal ecosystems. The frequently used PCPs, namely, sunscreens, shampoos, skin care products, and cosmetics, contain many chemicals, including ultraviolet filters (UVFs) and stabilizers, fragrances, preservatives, and micro(nano)plastics. These are introduced into marine and coastal environments through multiple routes, such as wastewater discharge, recreational activities, and coastal tourism. The ecological consequences of PCP contamination are multifaceted owing to their pseudo-persistent nature and toxicity. Several studies have investigated the adverse effects of PCPs on phytoplankton, corals, fish, and other organisms, with potential cascading impacts on entire ecosystems. Furthermore, the accumulation of these contaminants in seafood poses potential risks to human health via consumption. Nevertheless, the impacts of PCPs on the marine microbiome and ocean biogeochemical cycling are poorly understood. Moreover, PCPs raise concerns about spreading antimicrobial resistance genes that are inadequately studied. Therefore, this chapter aims to provide a concise overview of the impacts of PCP contamination owing to their spatiotemporal distribution in marine and coastal environments and, further, to highlight the urgent need for interdisciplinary research and holistic approaches involving consumers, industries, and policymakers to mitigate PCP pollution in coastal and marine environments.