On the influence of pressure, phase transitions, and water on large-scale seismic anisotropy underneath a subduction zone

Seismic anisotropy mainly originates from the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of minerals deformed in the convective mantle flow. While fabric transitions have been previously observed in experiments, their influence on large-scale anisotropy is not well-documented. Here, we implement 2D geodynamic models of intra-oceanic subduction coupled with mantle fabric modeling to investigate the combined effect of pressure (Formula presented.) -and water-dependent microscopic flow properties of upper mantle and upper transition zone (UTZ) minerals, respectively, on large-scale anisotropy. We then compare our anisotropy models with anisotropic tomography observations across the Honshu subduction zone. Our results for the upper mantle correlate well with observations, implying that the (Formula presented.) -dependence of olivine fabrics is sufficient to explain the variability of anisotropy. Meanwhile, a dry UTZ tends to be near-isotropic whereas a relatively wet UTZ could produce up to (Formula presented.) azimuthal and (Formula presented.) radial anisotropy. Because water facilitates CPO development, it is therefore likely a requirement to explain the presence of anisotropy in the transition zone close to subducting slabs.