Designing a hydrological real-time system for surface water and groundwater in Denmark with engagement of stakeholders

Increasing attention on extreme hydrological events has created considerable demand for real-time information on surface water, groundwater and the unsaturated zone. In the present study, we describe how to convert a national water resources model (DK-model) covering the entire freshwater cycle in Denmark to real-time application. We have engaged stakeholders in the process of designing a hydrological real-time system. The participatory approach has been supported by a web-based questionnaire survey and a participatory workshop. A system prototype presented to the stakeholders simulates groundwater levels, streamflow and water content in the root zone with a lead time of 48 h. The active engagement of stakeholders has provided very valuable insights and feedbacks regarding how model and data should be combined in a real-time to best supporting water resources management.