Variability and seasonality of North Atlantic climate during the early Holocene: Evidence from Faroe Island lake sediments

Based on their position in relation to major ocean currents, palaeoclimatic archives in the Faroe Islands are expected to be sensitive recorders of variations in North Atlantic circulation. The multiproxy analysis (magnetic susceptibility, total carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, biogenic silica, grains >255 μm) of a lacustrine record with both winter and summer climate indicators illustrates the variability of Faroese climate during the early Holocene (c. 11 300-10 240 cal. yr BP) and allows comparison with other records in the region. Our high-resolution record suggests a period of predominantly winter cooling and increased storminess centred at c. 11 150 cal. yr BP followed by a period of stability between c. 11 000 and 10 680 cal. yr BP, which correlates with a time when the North Atlantic was particularly free of meltwater incursions. After c. 10 680 cal. yr BP, both winter and summer indicators show an increase in variability broadly synchronous with increased variability at other North Atlantic sites. Within this time period, a predominantly winter cooling centred at c. 10 600 cal. yr BP, a winter/summer cooling centred at c. 10 450 cal. yr BP and a winter/summer cooling centred at c. 10 300 cal. yr BP are recorded. These distinctive coolings correspond to periods of ice core δ¹⁸O inferred lowered atmospheric temperatures over Greenland and the reoccurrence of meltwater outbursts at c. 10 600, 10 500 and 10 350 cal. yr BP.