The use of the common Pb isotope composition of detrital K-feldspar grains as a provenance tool and its application to Upper Carboniferous paleodrainage, northern England

K-feldspar is a common detrital mineral in sandstones. It contains little U or Th, and hence the common Pb isotope composition of unaltered K-feldspar is that of the source rock. Pb isotope variations in igneous and metamorphic crustal rocks define broad spatial patterns that make the Pb signature of detrital K-feldspar grains a useful provenance tool. However, it is unclear how robust this signal is, and to what extent it can be modified by weathering, transport, burial diagenesis, and/or exposure to hydrothermal fluids. This study reports an evaluation of the technique, using two granite-arkose pairs (from Helmsdale, northern Scotland, and Shap, northwest England) where the composition of the detrital grains can be compared to feldspars in the granite from which they were derived. The results of this test have informed a pilot study using the Pb isotope composition of detrital K-feldspar in Upper Carboniferous fluvial sedimentary rocks of northern England to constrain the sediment routing. Pb isotope compositions have been measured using an in situ high-resolution single-grain technique that can distinguish original composition, heterogeneity, and subsequent alteration within individual sand grains. The results for the granite-arkose pairs show that the common Pb isotope signature of the detrital K-feldspar grains matches the in situ feldspars in the source granites. The signal is independent of grain size (medium-grained sand to granules), but alteration along a paleoregolith at Helmsdale has resulted in perturbations in Pb composition and an increase in the errors on the analyses. The application of the technique to arkosic Carboniferous (Serpukhovian-Bashkirian) Millstone Grit Group sandstones in the Pennine Basin reveals two discrete populations of K-feldspars that cannot be distinguished petrographically. Matching of the compositions to potential sourcelands to the north and northeast of the basin suggest a far-traveled (> 500 km) source of K-feldspar from the Archean-Paleoproterozoic Lewisian rocks of northwest Scotland or their extension to the north, but also an equally important proximal source emanating from the Southern Uplands Belt of Scotland in what would have been the lower part of the hinterland drainage basin of the Millstone Grit.