TY - JOUR
T1 - Microbial degradation of the benzonitrile herbicides dichlobenil, bromoxynil and ioxynil in soil and subsurface environments - Insights into degradation pathways, persistent metabolites and involved degrader organisms
AU - Holtze, Maria S.
AU - Sørensen, Sebastian R.
AU - Sørensen, Jan
AU - Aamand, Jens
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Center for Environmental and Agricultural Microbiology, CREAM, funded by the Willum Kann Rasmussen Foundation and the PESTICON Project, grant 274-05-0399, financed by the Danish Research Council for Technology and Production Sciences. We thank Patricia Simpson for excellent help during the writing of the manuscript.
PY - 2008/7
Y1 - 2008/7
N2 - The benzonitriles dichlobenil, bromoxynil and ioxynil are important broad-spectrum or selective herbicides used in agriculture, orchards and public areas worldwide. The dichlobenil metabolite 2,6-dichlorobenzamide is the most frequently encountered groundwater contaminant in Denmark, which suggests that the environmental fate of these three structurally related benzonitrile herbicides should be addressed in detail. This review summarises the current knowledge on microbial degradation of dichlobenil, bromoxynil and ioxynil with particular focus on common features of degradation rates and pathways, accumulation of persistent metabolites and diversity of the involved degrader organisms.
AB - The benzonitriles dichlobenil, bromoxynil and ioxynil are important broad-spectrum or selective herbicides used in agriculture, orchards and public areas worldwide. The dichlobenil metabolite 2,6-dichlorobenzamide is the most frequently encountered groundwater contaminant in Denmark, which suggests that the environmental fate of these three structurally related benzonitrile herbicides should be addressed in detail. This review summarises the current knowledge on microbial degradation of dichlobenil, bromoxynil and ioxynil with particular focus on common features of degradation rates and pathways, accumulation of persistent metabolites and diversity of the involved degrader organisms.
KW - Benzonitrile herbicides
KW - Degradation pathways
KW - Groundwater contamination
KW - Metabolites
KW - Review
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=44449114630&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.09.020
DO - 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.09.020
M3 - Article
SN - 0269-7491
VL - 154
SP - 155
EP - 168
JO - Environmental Pollution
JF - Environmental Pollution
IS - 2
ER -