Importance of solid Earth structure for understanding the evolution of the Greenland ice sheet

The solid earth structure beneath Greenland, meaning the rocky part of Earth from the ice-bed interface to depth, has gained increased interest in recent years as it provides a critical boundary condition for the dynamic evolution of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS), one of the largest sources of sea-level rise contributions since the early 2000s. However, no consensus has been reached regarding the key internal or surface earth properties influencing this boundary condition and thus GrIS behaviour. One important surface property is the subglacial heat flow, which affects sliding conditions of the ice sheet including the onset of major ice streams and is related to subglacial geology. Lithospheric architecture and mantle viscosity structure are internal properties that influence ice sheet evolution through changes in the height and slope of the ice-bed interface caused by glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). Because there is no general agreement regarding crustal and lithospheric structures, some glaciological studies use an ensemble of solid earth models to incorporate uncertainties into their GrIS predictions, but it is unclear how these variations ultimately affect estimates of future sea-level rise. Here we describe the main solid earth properties that are important for GrIS evolution (heat flow, temperature, viscosity), from the base of the ice sheet to the upper mantle, and we provide some perspectives on how future collaborative efforts and integrated studies could lead to better agreement regarding these key characteristics.