TY - JOUR
T1 - Exposure to selected geogenic trace elements (I, Li, and Sr) from drinking water in Denmark
AU - Voutchkova, Denitza Dimitrova
AU - Schullehner, Jörg
AU - Knudsen, Nikoline Nygård
AU - Jørgensen, Lisbeth Flindt
AU - Ersbøll, Annette Kjær
AU - Kristiansen, Søren Munch
AU - Hansen, Birgitte
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 by the authors, licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2015/2/27
Y1 - 2015/2/27
N2 - The naturally occurring geogenic elements iodine (I), lithium (Li), and strontium (Sr) have a beneficial effect on human health. Iodine has an essential role in human metabolism while Li and Sr are used, respectively, as a treatment for various mental disorders and for post-menopausal osteoporosis. The aim here is to evaluate the potential for future epidemiological investigations in Denmark of lifelong and chronic exposure to low doses of these compounds. The drinking water data represents approximately 45% of the annual Danish groundwater abstraction for drinking water purposes, which supplies approximately 2.5 million persons. The spatial patterns were studied using inverse distance weighted interpolation and cluster analysis. The exposed population was estimated based on two datasets: (1) population density in the smallest census unit, the parishes, and (2) geocoded addresses where at least one person is residing. We found significant spatial variation in the exposure for all three elements, related mainly to geochemical processes. This suggests a prospective opportunity for future epidemiological investigation of long-term effects of I, Li, and Sr, either alone or in combinations with other geogenic elements such as Ca, Mg or F.
AB - The naturally occurring geogenic elements iodine (I), lithium (Li), and strontium (Sr) have a beneficial effect on human health. Iodine has an essential role in human metabolism while Li and Sr are used, respectively, as a treatment for various mental disorders and for post-menopausal osteoporosis. The aim here is to evaluate the potential for future epidemiological investigations in Denmark of lifelong and chronic exposure to low doses of these compounds. The drinking water data represents approximately 45% of the annual Danish groundwater abstraction for drinking water purposes, which supplies approximately 2.5 million persons. The spatial patterns were studied using inverse distance weighted interpolation and cluster analysis. The exposed population was estimated based on two datasets: (1) population density in the smallest census unit, the parishes, and (2) geocoded addresses where at least one person is residing. We found significant spatial variation in the exposure for all three elements, related mainly to geochemical processes. This suggests a prospective opportunity for future epidemiological investigation of long-term effects of I, Li, and Sr, either alone or in combinations with other geogenic elements such as Ca, Mg or F.
KW - Denmark
KW - Drinking wate
KW - Epidemiology
KW - Exposure
KW - Iodine
KW - Lithium
KW - Spatial trends
KW - Strontium
KW - Treated groundwater
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84925869436&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/geosciences5010045
DO - 10.3390/geosciences5010045
M3 - Article
SN - 2076-3263
VL - 5
SP - 45
EP - 66
JO - Geosciences (Switzerland)
JF - Geosciences (Switzerland)
IS - 1
ER -
