TY - JOUR
T1 - Biocides in urban wastewater treatment plant influent at dry and wet weather
T2 - Concentrations, mass flows and possible sources
AU - Bollmann, Ulla E.
AU - Tang, Camilla
AU - Eriksson, Eva
AU - Jönsson, Karin
AU - Vollertsen, Jes
AU - Bester, Kai
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors acknowledge the financial support of Miljøstyrelsen (Danish EPA) through the project Methods for the improvement of scenarios concerning the emission of biocides from buildings, 667-00065 & 667-00066 and the AUFF grant: Advanced water purification using bio-inorganic nanocatalysts and soil filters. The staffs of the wastewater treatment plants, particularly Stella Skaaning Sørensen and Thomas Hvass Eriksson (Roskilde Forsyning), are acknowledged for their help during sampling and introduction towards the Roskilde sewer system as well as several technicians for their help during sample extraction and analysis. Furthermore, Benedek Plósz (DTU) is acknowledged for his co-supervision of C. Tang's bachelor thesis.
PY - 2014/9/1
Y1 - 2014/9/1
N2 - In recent years, exterior thermal insulation systems became more and more important leading to an increasing amount of houses equipped with biocide-containing organic façade coatings or fungicide treated wood. It is known that these biocides, e.g. terbutryn, carbendazim, and diuron, as well as wood preservatives as propiconazole, leach out of the material through contact with wind driven rain. Hence, they are present in combined sewage during rain events in concentrations up to several hundred ngL-1.The present study focused on the occurrence of these biocides in five wastewater treatment plants in Denmark and Sweden during dry and wet weather. It was discovered, that biocides are detectable not only during wet weather but also during dry weather when leaching from façade coatings can be excluded as source. In most cases, the concentrations during dry weather were in the same range as during wet weather (up to 100ngL-1); however, for propiconazole noteworthy high concentrations were detected in one catchment (4.5μgL-1). Time resolved sampling (12×2h) enabled assessments about possible sources. The highest mass loads during wet weather were detected when the rain was heaviest (e.g. up to 116mgh-1 carbendazim or 73mgh-1 mecoprop) supporting the hypothesis that the biocides were washed off by wind driven rain. Contrary, the biocide emissions during dry weather were rather related to household activities than with emissions from buildings, i.e., emissions were highest during morning and evening hours (up to 50mgh-1). Emissions during night were significantly lower than during daytime. Only for propiconazole a different emission behaviour during dry weather was observed: the mass load peaked in the late afternoon (3gh-1) and declined slowly afterwards. Most likely this emission was caused by a point source, possibly from inappropriate cleaning of spray equipment for agriculture or gardening.
AB - In recent years, exterior thermal insulation systems became more and more important leading to an increasing amount of houses equipped with biocide-containing organic façade coatings or fungicide treated wood. It is known that these biocides, e.g. terbutryn, carbendazim, and diuron, as well as wood preservatives as propiconazole, leach out of the material through contact with wind driven rain. Hence, they are present in combined sewage during rain events in concentrations up to several hundred ngL-1.The present study focused on the occurrence of these biocides in five wastewater treatment plants in Denmark and Sweden during dry and wet weather. It was discovered, that biocides are detectable not only during wet weather but also during dry weather when leaching from façade coatings can be excluded as source. In most cases, the concentrations during dry weather were in the same range as during wet weather (up to 100ngL-1); however, for propiconazole noteworthy high concentrations were detected in one catchment (4.5μgL-1). Time resolved sampling (12×2h) enabled assessments about possible sources. The highest mass loads during wet weather were detected when the rain was heaviest (e.g. up to 116mgh-1 carbendazim or 73mgh-1 mecoprop) supporting the hypothesis that the biocides were washed off by wind driven rain. Contrary, the biocide emissions during dry weather were rather related to household activities than with emissions from buildings, i.e., emissions were highest during morning and evening hours (up to 50mgh-1). Emissions during night were significantly lower than during daytime. Only for propiconazole a different emission behaviour during dry weather was observed: the mass load peaked in the late afternoon (3gh-1) and declined slowly afterwards. Most likely this emission was caused by a point source, possibly from inappropriate cleaning of spray equipment for agriculture or gardening.
KW - Building façades
KW - Combined sewer
KW - Diffuse pollution
KW - Dry weather sources
KW - Stormwater
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84900022012&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.014
DO - 10.1016/j.watres.2014.04.014
M3 - Article
C2 - 24830785
AN - SCOPUS:84900022012
SN - 0043-1354
VL - 60
SP - 64
EP - 74
JO - Water Research
JF - Water Research
ER -