Appendix II: ENOS Future Pilots. New pilot and demonstration project opportunities in Europe Havnsø, Kalundborg, Denmark

Executive Summary
Existing pilot and demonstration sites enhance confidence in the ability of geological formations to safely store CO2 on a regional basis, and local demonstration of CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) technology will encourage further project development. So far, onshore storage has been tested and demonstrated only at a few pilot sites in the EU (i.e. Ketzin, Lacq-Rousse, and recently Hontomín), which is deemed insufficient. An earlier ZEP/CGS Europe study identified several promising opportunities for possible onshore storage pilots across Europe, based on proposals by partners with 19 potential onshore
locations for pilot projects. There was a limited assessment of the probability of these pilot sites moving forward, which, as the CCS landscape has changed rapidly, makes development of a new set of plans a necessity.
ENOS Task 6.3. followed up with these efforts and approached the European CCS community with a request to submit proposals for new onshore CO2 storage pilots with the aim to provide funding for several conceptual case studies based on selected proposals. Altogether 8 pilot project proposals were submitted, of which six have been selected for further development and funding. Based on this, six conceptual case studies have been elaborated:
• Sava Depression in Croatia
• Havnsø in Denmark
• Kenderes in Hungary
• Vilkyciai in Lithuania
• Dziwie in Poland
• Brădești in Romania
The portfolio of the suggested pilots has excellent geographical spread – if implemented, the new projects will bring CCS knowledge and practical experience to European regions with limited development of the technology so far, including the South-Eastern and Central Europe and the Baltic Sea region. All these regions have large CCS deployment potential lying in numbers of emissionintensive
facilities in both energy and other industrial sectors. In addition to testing and verification of the technology in local conditions, the pilots will also serve as an unsubstitutable element of practical demonstration of the CCS technology to local, national and regional stakeholders, starting from politicians and policy makers, through regulators, industry representatives and research community, to local population, general public and media.
Implementation of the pilots would also unlock the geological storage potential of important supraregional geological structures with promising properties and prospects of further development, like the Pannonian Basin, the Baltic Basin, the Moesian Platform, as well as the Danish basin and the Central Poland area. All of these regions have seen historically significant hydrocarbon production and their thick sedimentary successions render large potential for CO2 geological storage. The chosen locations are also either in connection with CO2-EOR possibilities (like in Lithuania or Croatia), or try to make use of the existing deep wells in the gas or oil fields that are either depleted or soon to be depleted (in Romania and Hungary). A possibility to study synergy with deep geothermal project is indicated in the Hungarian project proposal. The most favourable geological conditions to demonstrate the safe storage in structurally defined aquifers are presented in the Polish and Danish case studies. Geological conditions for significant upscaling are demonstrated in the case studies from Denmark, Lithuania, Romania and
Hungary. The Croatian case study works with three possible scenarios; involving an ongoing CO2-EOR project and two small depleted oil fields.
In addition, a number of common success factors have been identified that have facilitated and enabled the success of international CO2 storage pilots worldwide. These include:
• the potential for upscaling, which might be achieved in a number of different ways depending on the specific objectives and conditions of the project, following the successful implementation of the pilot;
• the designation of a “project champion” - an appropriate lead institute or organisation that has the mandate, financial resources and capabilities to assemble a consortium with the needed skills;
• a detailed plan for engagement with a potentially wide range of different stakeholder groups, supported by an analytical understanding of the needs of each group, and a dedicated resource for implementation;
• clear policy support, which is backed up by a robust governance structure and decision-making process together with best practice project management, to ensure regulatory support and compliance across all stages and activities within the project;
• a clear plan for implementation that will allow the pre-defined and pre-agreed objectives of the pilot to be fully achieved;
• a cost-effective CO2 supply,
• a well-defined geological structure which may exploit existing infrastructure as appropriate and the definition of comprehensive and fit-for-purpose baseline conditions.
The proposed pilot project conceptual studies have been assessed with respect to the identified success factors to identify their strong and week points.